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Scientific conclusions
The FEFAP field surveys, excavations and exhumations spanned more than ten years. The results of this study showed that the Beechey Island crew had most probably died of pneumonia[120] and perhaps tuberculosis, which was suggested by the evidence of Pott disease discovered in Braine.[121] Toxicological reports pointed to lead poisoning as a likely contributing factor.[122][123] Blade cut marks found on bones from some of the crew were seen as signs of cannibalism.[94] Evidence suggested that a combination of cold, starvation and disease including scurvy, pneumonia and tuberculosis, all made worse by lead poisoning, killed everyone in the Franklin expedition. It was also discovered that the cans of provisions mainly eaten by officers were soldered poorly, causing food to rot. This weakening of their immune systems was compounded by the fact that animals caught and eaten by the crew of the expedition contained botulism Type-C.[citation needed]
More recent chemical re-examination of bone and nail samples taken from Hartnell and other crew members has cast doubt on the role of lead poisoning.[5] A 2013 study determined that the levels of lead present in the crew members' bones had been consistent during their lives, and that there was no isotopic difference between lead concentrated within older and younger bone materials.[125] Had the crew been poisoned by lead from the solder used to seal the canned food or from the ships' water supplies, both the concentration of lead and its isotopic composition would have been expected to have "spiked" during their last few months.[5] This interpretation was supported by a 2016 study that suggested the crew's ill health may in fact have been due to malnutrition, and specifically zinc deficiency, probably due to a lack of meat in their diet.[5] This study used micro-X-ray fluorescence to map the levels of lead, copper and zinc in Hartnell's thumbnail over the final months of his life, and found that apart from during his last few weeks lead concentrations within Hartnell's body were within healthy limits.[126] In contrast, levels of zinc were far lower than normal and indicated that Hartnell would have been suffering from chronic zinc deficiency, sufficient to have severely suppressed his immune system and left him highly vulnerable to a worsening of the tuberculosis with which he was already infected.[127] In the last few weeks of his life, his illness would have caused his body to start breaking down bone, fat and muscle tissues, releasing lead previously stored there into his bloodstream and giving rise to the high lead levels noted in previous analysis of soft tissues and hair.[5]
Franklin's chosen passage down the west side of King William Island took Erebus and Terror into "a ploughing train of ice ... [that] does not always clear during the short summers", whereas the route along the island's east coast regularly clears in summer and was later used by Roald Amundsen in his successful navigation of the Northwest Passage. The Franklin expedition, locked in ice for two winters in Victoria Strait, was naval in nature and therefore not well-equipped or trained for land travel. Some of the crewmembers heading south from Erebus and Terror hauled in many items not needed for Arctic survival. McClintock noted a large quantity of heavy goods in the lifeboat at the "boat place" and thought them "a mere accumulation of dead weight, of little use, and very likely to break down the strength of the sledge-crews". The winter of 1846–1847 was unusually harsh for its time, meaning the ship was completely stuck in ice for two successive winters.[citation needed]
In 2017, Douglas Stenton, an adjunct professor of anthropology at the University of Waterloo and former director of Nunavut's Department of Heritage and Culture, suggested that four sets of human remains found on King William Island could possibly be women. He initially suspected that DNA testing would not offer up anything more, but to his surprise they registered that there was no 'Y' chromosomal element to the DNA. Stenton acknowledged that women were known to have served in the Royal Navy in the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, but he also pointed out that it could be that the DNA had simply degraded as further tests proved ambiguous and he concluded the initial findings were "almost certainly incorrect".[130]
In 1993, three bodies were found at site NgLj-3 near Erebus Bay. The remains had originally been found by McClintock's expedition in 1859, and were rediscovered and buried by Schwatka two decades later. In 2013, a team led by Stenton had the remains exhumed for DNA testing and forensic facial reconstruction. The team's report, published in Polar Journal in 2015, indicated that the reconstructions of the two intact skulls from the remains resembled Lieutenant Gore and Ice-Master Reid of the Erebus; science later determined the remains could not have belonged to Gore, as the Victory Point note stated that Gore had died before the abandonment of the ships in April 1848.[131][132]
In May 2021, one of the bodies was positively identified as that of Warrant Officer John Gregory, an engineer aboard Erebus. A genealogy team tracked down Gregory's great-great-great-grandson, Jonathan Gregory, residing in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and confirmed the familial match through DNA testing.[133]
In September 2024, researchers Douglas Stenton, Stephen Fratpietro, and Robert W. Park, from the University of Waterloo and Lakehead University, announced that they had positively identified a skeletal mandible as belonging to Captain James Fitzjames through DNA testing. An unbroken Y-chromosome DNA match was made from a living descendant of Fitzjames's great-grandfather James Gambier; the DNA donor, Nigel Gambier, is second cousin five times removed to Fitzjames. By doing genealogical research, historian Fabiënne Tetteroo determined that Nigel Gambier was an eligible match for Fitzjames. Tetteroo contacted Nigel Gambier and he agreed to provide the DNA sample that conclusively identified Fitzjames. Fitzjames' mandible shows signs of cut marks consistent with cannibalism. [134][135] [136]
The most meaningful outcome of the Franklin expedition was the mapping of several thousand miles of hitherto unsurveyed coastline by expeditions searching for Franklin's lost ships and crew. As Richard Cyriax noted, "the loss of the expedition probably added much more [geographical] knowledge than its successful return would have done". At the same time, it largely quelled the Admiralty's appetite for Arctic exploration. There was a gap of many years before the Nares expedition and Sir George Nares' declaration there was "no thoroughfare" to the North Pole; his words marked the end of the Royal Navy's historical involvement in Arctic exploration, the end of an era in which such exploits were widely seen by the British public as worthy expenditures of human effort and monetary resources. Given how difficult and risky it was for professional explorers to cross the Northwest Passage, it would be impossible for the average merchant ships of the day to use this route for trade.[citation needed]
An unnamed commentator in The Critic wrote in 1859, "We think that we can fairly make out the account between the cost and results of these Arctic Expeditions, and ask whether it is worth while to risk so much for that which is so difficult of attainment, and when attained, is so worthless."[153] The navigation of the Northwest Passage in 1903–05 by Roald Amundsen with the Gjøa expedition ended the centuries-long quest for the route.[154]: 336
King William Island (1994–1995)
In 1994, Woodman organised and led a land search of the area from Collinson Inlet[96] to (modern) Victory Point[97] in search of the buried "vaults" spoken of in the testimony of the contemporary Inuit hunter Supunger. A ten-person team spent ten days in the search, sponsored by the Royal Canadian Geographical Society and filmed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). No trace of the vaults was found.[98]
In 1995, an expedition was jointly organised by Woodman, George Hobson and American adventurer Steven Trafton – with each party planning a separate search. Trafton's group travelled to the Clarence Islands to investigate Inuit stories of a "white man's cairn" there but found nothing. Hobson's party, accompanied by archaeologist Margaret Bertulli, investigated the "summer camp" found a few miles to the south of Cape Felix, where some minor Franklin relics were found. Woodman, with two companions, travelled south from Wall Bay to Victory Point and investigated all likely campsites along this coast, finding only some rusted cans at a previously unknown campsite near Cape Maria Louisa.[citation needed]
Hasil Pencarian Game Yang Mirip Higgs Domino
Maaf, barangnya tidak ketemu
Coba cek lagi kata pencarianmu.
Adjar.id – Apa yang Adjarian pikirkan ketika seseorang mengatakan monyet dan kera?
Adakah yang mengira monyet dan kera adalah hewan yang sama?
Anggapan tersebut ternyata salah, Adjarian.
Sebab, monyet dan kera adalah dua jenis hewan yang berbeda.
Monyet termasuk ke dalam golongan famili Callitrichidae atau Cebidae, sementara kera termasuk ke dalam golongan famili Hominidae atau Hylobatidae.
Jika dilihat sepintas, bentuk fisik monyet dan kera memang mirip, bahkan seperti tidak ada bedanya.
Namun, apabila dilihat dengan lebih jeli lagi, kita dapat dengan mudah membedakan mana yang termasuk monyet dan mana yang kera.
Perbedaan Monyet dan Kera
Kita dapat dengan mudah membedakan monyet dan kera hanya dengan melihat bagian ekornya.
Jika primata yang Adjarian lihat memiliki ekor, sudah dapat dipastikan hewna tersebut adalah monyet.
Baca Juga: Benarkah Monyet Tidak Suka Berjalan di Tanah?
Sebab, hampir semua jenis monyet berekor.
Sementara itu, kera tidak memiliki ekor atau terlihat buntung di bagian belakangnya.
O iya, badan monyet juga cenderung lebih kecil jika dibanding dengan kera.
Perbedaan selanjutnya terletak pada tangan dan kaki.
Kera memiliki lengan yang panjang dibanding monyet karena mereka suka bergelantungan dan berayun di dahan pohon.
Nah, kalau monyet biasanya hanya berlari dan melompat dari pohon ke pohon, sehingga ukuran lengannya lebih pendek.
Selain itu, kera biasa berjalan dengan dua kaki layaknya manusia, sedangkan monyet berjalan menggunakan tangan dan kaki.
Kita juga bisa membedakan monyet dan kera dari ukuran badannya, Adjarian.
Badan spesies kera cenderung lebih besar, seperti gorilla, orang utan, dan simpanse.
Baca Juga: Mengapa Ada Banyak Jenis Monyet di Dunia dan Tersebar di Berbagai Wilayah?
Nah, kalau spesies-spesies monyet memiliki badan yang lenbih kecil.
Contohnya seperti baboon, tamarin, dan monyet pantai.
4. Kemampuan Berkomunikasi
Monyet dan kera dapat berkomunikasi melalui suara, sentuhan, dan pesan visual.
Namun, monyet biasanya hanya dapat berkomunikasi menggunakan suara dan bahasa tubuh untuk berkomunikasi dengan sesamanya.
Sementara itu, kera dapat menggunakan bahasa isyarat dan gerakan tubuh tertentu untuk berkomunikasi, bahkan dengan manusia.
Habitat monyet dan kera ternyata juga berbeda, lo.
Monyet lebih senang hidup di atas pohon, sementara kera tergolong hewan semi-terestrial.
Hewan semi-terestrial adalah hewan yang dapat hidup di atas pohon, tetapi juga bisa berkeliaran di atas tanah.
Nah, itulah perbedaan monyet dan kera, Adjarian.
Baca Juga: Mengapa Hewan Monyet Sangat Menyukai Buah Pisang?
Sekarang sudah tidak lagi bingung membedakan keduanya, kan?
Simak video berikut ini, yuk!
Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley, được biết đến ở Nhật Bản với tên Bokujō Monogatari: Tsunagaru Shintenchi (牧場物語 つながる新天地, còn gọi là Harvest Moon: Connect to a New Land?) là một trò chơi nhập vai mô phỏng nông trại do Tabot, Inc. phát triển cho Nintendo 3DS. Trò chơi phát hành ở Bắc Mỹ ngày 4 tháng 11 năm 2014,[2] ở Châu Âu ngày 19 tháng 6 năm 2015 và ở Úc ngày 20 tháng 6 năm 2015.
Không giống như các tựa trò chơi trước đó trong loạt Story of Seasons, được gọi là Harvest Moon ở thị trường phương Tây, trò chơi không phải do công ty Nhật Bản Marvelous phát triển. Phần mới nhất của họ trong loạt Story of Seasons đang được xuất bản ở Bắc Mỹ và Châu Âu bởi Xseed Games. Natsume sở hữu quyền đối với thương hiệu "Harvest Moon" tại các lãnh thổ đó.[3]
Người chơi nghe đồn về những câu chuyện của The Lost Valley xinh đẹp và muốn tận mắt chứng kiến vẻ đẹp đó. Khi đến nơi, người chơi bị cuốn vào một trận bão tuyết bí ẩn. Khi cố gắng băng qua qua trận tuyết bất ngờ, người chơi nghe thấy một giọng nói khuyến khích bạn tìm kiếm một món đồ trong một cabin gần đó. Đêm đó, người chơi mơ thấy một người phụ nữ kỳ lạ có mái tóc xanh và nhờ giúp đỡ.
Vào buổi sáng hôm sau, người chơi bị đánh thức bởi một giọng nói nhỏ phát ra từ đống tuyết. Khi bạn giải thoát cho người bị mắc kẹt, người chơi sẽ tìm hiểu về cách mà thung lũng đang bị mắc kẹt trong Mùa đông vĩnh viễn. Cuối cùng, người chơi sẽ được tuyển dụng để giúp giải quyết vấn đề và đưa mọi thứ ở The Lost Valley trở lại bình thường.[4]
Trò chơi diễn ra ở vùng đất The Lost Valley. Người chơi có thể sửa đổi thế giới của họ, bao gồm cả việc sửa các loại địa hình và vị trí xây dựng. Đất có thể được xây để tạo thành các ngọn đồi hoặc loại bỏ để tạo ra các ao và khe nước, cho phép người chơi kiểm soát hoàn toàn địa hình của thung lũng. Để khám phá một số khu vực, người chơi sẽ phải xây các bậc đất để có thể đến không gian cao hơn hoặc xây cầu để qua sông.
Người chơi có thể sửa đổi ngôi nhà của họ, như mở rộng nó và di chuyển các vật dụng xung quanh bên trong ngôi nhà, như sàn, màn và hình nền của ngôi nhà nông trại, mặc dù ngôi nhà của người chơi không thể di chuyển khỏi vị trí ban đầu.[5]
Trò chơi cũng có hệ thống công cụ theo ngữ cảnh, nghĩa là người chơi không cần phải trang bị sẵn công cụ trong tay để sử dụng. Miễn là công cụ ở trong túi của anh hùng, trò chơi sẽ tự động sử dụng nó khi ở đúng vị trí. Không cần phải tráo đổi dụng cụ hoặc lo lắng về việc vô tình va vào vật nuôi.
Có hơn 100 loại cây có thể trồng trong thung lũng. Chiều cao và độ sâu của không gian ruộng sẽ ảnh hưởng đến các loại cây trồng trên các không gian ruộng này; cây trồng dưới mặt đất sẽ tạo ra thứ gì đó khác so với cây trồng trên mặt đất, và điều này cũng áp dụng với cây trồng trên đồi cao. Ngoài ra, bạn có thể bón phân cho cây trồng để tăng chất lượng.[6]
Các tùy chọn động vật chăn nuôi đã được đơn giản hóa, cho phép người chơi nuôi bò, cừu và gà.[7] Động vật sẽ có các đặc điểm tính cách, tối đa 30 con, có thể được lai tạo từ động vật này sang động vật khác để phát huy tối đa các đặc điểm của nó. Ngoài ra còn có một con ngựa để có thể cưỡi xung quanh thung lũng và một động vật hoang dã khác.[8]
Người chơi có thể chọn nhân vật là nam hoặc nữ, với sự khác biệt chính giữa hai người là các ứng cử viên kết hôn. Sau đó người chơi có thể tùy chỉnh quần áo và kiểu tóc của nhân vật. Người chơi có thể trò chuyện với dân làng để làm nhiệm vụ, mua thú cưng, nấu ăn[9] và giúp đỡ dân làng khi có yêu cầu.[10] Người chơi cũng có thể hẹn hò và kết hôn sau khi có chỉ số Chemistry level đạt đến một điểm nhất định, có ba ứng cử viên kết hôn cho mỗi giới tính và sau đó khi kết hôn cặp đôi có thể sinh ra một đứa trẻ.[11]
Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley bắt đầu phát triển từ đầu năm 2013. Trước đó một năm, Natsume đã mở một văn phòng mới tại Tokyo, Nhật Bản, họ cho biết đây là nơi sẽ mở rộng việc phát triển trò chơi của họ cho cả máy chơi game và điện thoại thông minh. Ngoài ra, Graham Markay, Phó chủ tịch điều hành tại Natsume, đã xác nhận rằng người sáng tạo của loạt Harvest Moon là Wada Yasuhiro - cũng là người đã thiết kế Hometown Story - sẽ không tham gia vào trò chơi. Tất nhiên, điều đó không có nghĩa là Wada không thể cộng tác với Natsume trên các trò chơi khác.[12]
Natsume công bố Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley lần đầu tiên trong E3 2014.[13][14]
Do Natsume tạo ra "Harvest Moon" của riêng họ và giữ quyền đối với tên Harvest Moon trong khi Marvelous quyết định giữ bộ phận ở Mỹ của riêng họ, Xseed Games, tiếp quản phân phối Bắc Mỹ, tựa mới nhất trong loạt đã phải đổi tên thành Story of Seasons, trong khi Natsume nắm lấy cơ hội bắt đầu các trò chơi mới với Harvest Moon: The Lost Valley. Điều này đã gây ra sự nhầm lẫn ở một mức độ nào đó.
Với điểm đánh giá trung bình chỉ có 46/100 trên Metacritic, The Lost Valley nhận được sự đón nhận tiêu cực từ các nhà phê bình.[15]
Ron DelVillano của Nintendo Life cho game 4/10 điểm và chê trách "là một nước đi táo bạo của Natsume khi dám phát triển một trò chơi vượt ra khỏi truyền thống của loạt và thử những điều mới mẻ, nhưng trải nghiệm tổng thể thiếu đi sức hấp dẫn mà cái tên Harvest Moon đại diện."[16]
th century expeditions
After two years had passed with no word from Franklin, public concern grew and Jane, Lady Franklin, as well as members of Parliament and British newspapers, urged the Admiralty to send a search party. Although the Admiralty said it did not feel any reason to be alarmed,[34] it responded by developing a three-pronged plan which in the spring of 1848 sent an overland rescue party, led by John Richardson and John Rae, down the Mackenzie River to the Canadian Arctic coast.[35]
Two expeditions by sea were also launched – one, led by James Clark Ross, entering the Canadian Arctic archipelago through Lancaster Sound and the other, commanded by Henry Kellett, entering from the Pacific. In addition, the Admiralty offered a reward of £20,000 (equivalent to £2,500,000 in 2023) "to any Party or Parties, of any country, who shall render assistance to the crews of the Discovery Ships under the command of Sir John Franklin".[37] When the three-pronged effort failed, British national concern and interest in the Arctic increased until "finding Franklin became nothing less than a crusade."[38] Ballads such as "Lady Franklin's Lament", commemorating Lady Franklin's search for her lost husband, became popular.[39][40]
Many joined the search. In 1850, eleven British and two American ships cruised the Canadian Arctic, including the Breadalbane and her sister ship HMS Phoenix.[41] Several converged off the east coast of Beechey Island, where the first relics of the expedition were found, including remnants of a winter camp from 1845 to 1846. Robert Goodsir, surgeon on the brig Lady Franklin, found the graves of John Torrington,[42] John Hartnell and William Braine.[43][44] No messages from the Franklin expedition were found at this site.[45][46]
In the spring of 1851, passengers and crew aboard several ships observed a huge iceberg off Newfoundland, which bore two vessels, one upright and one on its beam ends. The ships were not examined closely. It was suggested at the time that the ships could have been Erebus and Terror but it is now known that they were not; it is likely that they were abandoned whaling ships.[48]
In 1852 Edward Belcher was given command of the government Arctic expedition in search of Franklin. It was unsuccessful; Belcher's inability to render himself popular with his subordinates was peculiarly unfortunate on an Arctic voyage and he was not wholly suited to commanding vessels among ice. Four of the five ships (HMS Resolute, Pioneer, Assistance and Intrepid) were abandoned in pack ice, for which Belcher was court-martialled but acquitted.[50]
One of these ships, HMS Resolute, was eventually recovered intact by an American whaler and returned to the United Kingdom. Timbers from the ship were later used to manufacture three desks, one of which, the Resolute desk, was presented by Queen Victoria to US President Rutherford B. Hayes; it has often been chosen by presidents for use in the Oval Office in the White House.[51]
In 1854, Rae, while surveying the Boothia Peninsula for the HBC, discovered further evidence of the expedition's fate. Rae met an Inuk near Pelly Bay (now Kugaaruk, Nunavut) on 21 April 1854, who told him of a party of 35 to 40 white men who had died of starvation near the mouth of the Back River. Other Inuit confirmed this story, which included reports of cannibalism among the dying sailors.[citation needed]
The Inuit showed Rae many objects that were identified as having belonged to members of the Franklin expedition. In particular, Rae bought from the Inuit several silver forks and spoons later identified as belonging to Franklin, Fitzjames, James Walter Fairholme, and Robert Orme Sargent of the Erebus, and Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier, captain of the Terror. Rae's report was sent to the Admiralty, which in October 1854 urged the HBC to send an expedition down the Back River to search for other signs of Franklin and his men.
Next were Chief Factor James Anderson and HBC employee James Stewart, who travelled north by canoe to the mouth of the Back River. In July 1855, a band of Inuit told them of a group of qallunaat (Inuktitut for "whites" or "Europeans", perhaps best translated as "foreigners") who had starved to death along the coast. In August, Anderson and Stewart found a piece of wood inscribed with "Erebus" and another that said "Mr. Stanley" (surgeon aboard Erebus) on Montreal Island in Chantrey Inlet, where the Back River meets the sea.
Despite the findings of Rae and Anderson, the Admiralty did not plan another search of its own. The Royal Navy officially labelled the crew deceased in service on 31 March 1854. Lady Franklin, failing to convince the government to fund another search, personally commissioned one more expedition under Francis Leopold McClintock. The expedition ship, the steam schooner Fox, bought via public subscription, sailed from Aberdeen on 2 July 1857.[citation needed]
In April 1859, sled parties set out from Fox to search on King William Island. On 5 May, the party led by Lieutenant William Hobson discovered the Victory Point Note, which detailed the abandonment of Erebus and Terror, death of Franklin and other crew members, and the decision by the survivors to march south to the mainland.[55] On the western extreme of King William Island, Hobson also discovered a lifeboat containing two human skeletons and relics from the Franklin expedition. In the boat was a large amount of abandoned equipment, including boots, silk handkerchiefs, scented soap, sponges, slippers, hair combs and many books, among them a copy of The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith.
Elsewhere, on the island's southern coast, McClintock's searchers found another skeleton. Still clothed, it was searched, and some papers were found, including a seaman's certificate for Chief Petty Officer Harry Peglar of Terror. Since the uniform was that of a ship's steward, it is more likely that the body was that of Thomas Armitage, gun-room steward on Terror and a shipmate of Peglar, whose papers he carried. McClintock himself took testimony from the Inuit about the expedition's disastrous end.
Two expeditions between 1860 and 1869 by Charles Francis Hall, who lived among the Inuit near Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island and later at Repulse Bay on the Canadian mainland, found camps, graves and relics on the southern coast of King William Island, but he believed none of the Franklin survivors would be found among the Inuit. In 1869, local Inuit took Hall to a shallow grave on the island containing well-preserved skeletal remains and fragments of clothing.[58] These remains were taken to England and interred beneath the Franklin Memorial at Greenwich Old Royal Naval College, London.[citation needed]
The eminent biologist Thomas Henry Huxley examined the remains and concluded that they belonged to Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte, second lieutenant on Erebus.[59] An examination in 2009 suggested that these were actually the remains of Harry Goodsir, assistant surgeon on Erebus.[60] Although Hall concluded that all of the Franklin crew were dead, he believed that the official expedition records would yet be found under a stone cairn. With the assistance of his guides Ipirvik and Taqulittuq, Hall gathered hundreds of pages of Inuit testimony.[citation needed]
Among these materials were accounts of visits to Franklin's ships, and an encounter with a party of white men on the southern coast of King William Island near Washington Bay. In the 1990s, this testimony was extensively researched by David C. Woodman and was the basis of two books, Unravelling the Franklin Mystery (1992) and Strangers Among Us (1995), in which he reconstructs the final months of the expedition. Woodman's narrative challenged existing theories that the survivors all perished over the remainder of 1848 as they marched south from Victory Point, arguing instead that Inuit accounts point strongly to most of the 105 survivors cited by Crozier in his final note actually surviving past 1848, re-manning at least one of the ships and managing to sail it down along the coast of King William Island before it sank, with some crew members surviving as late as 1851.
The hope of finding other additional expedition records led Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka of the United States Army to organise an expedition to King William Island between 1878 and 1880. Travelling to Hudson Bay on the schooner Eothen, Schwatka, assembling a team that included Inuit who had assisted Hall, continued north by foot and dog sled, interviewing Inuit, visiting known or likely sites of Franklin expedition remains, and wintering on the island. Although Schwatka failed to find the hoped-for papers, in a speech at a dinner given in his honour by the American Geographical Society in 1880, he said that his expedition had made "the longest sledge journey ever made both in regard to time and distance" of eleven months and four days and 4,360 km (2,710 mi), that it was the first Arctic expedition on which the whites relied entirely on the same diet as the Inuit, and that it established the loss of the Franklin records "beyond all reasonable doubt". Schwatka was successful in locating the remains of one of Franklin's men, identified by personal effects as John Irving, third lieutenant aboard Terror. Schwatka had Irving's remains returned to Scotland, where they were buried with full honours at Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh on 7 January 1881.[64]
The Schwatka expedition found no remnants of the Franklin expedition south of a place now known as Starvation Cove on the Adelaide Peninsula. This was about 64 km (40 mi) north of Crozier's stated goal, the Back River, and several hundred miles away from the nearest Western outpost, on the Great Slave Lake. Woodman wrote of Inuit reports that between 1852 and 1858 Crozier and one other expedition member were seen in the Baker Lake area, about 400 km (250 mi) to the south, where in 1948 Farley Mowat found "a very ancient cairn, not of normal Eskimo construction" inside which were shreds of a hardwood box with dovetail joints.[66]
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Arctic Research Foundation Expedition: wreck of Terror (2016)
On 12 September 2016, it was announced that the Arctic Research Foundation expedition had found the wreck of HMS Terror to the south of King William Island in Terror Bay, at 68°54′13″N 98°56′18″W / 68.90361°N 98.93833°W / 68.90361; -98.93833 at a depth of 24 m (79 ft), and in "pristine" condition.[8][118]
In 2018, a team examined the wreck of Terror using a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) that collected photos and video clips of the ship and a number of artefacts. The group concluded that Terror had not been left at anchor, since anchor cables were seen to be secured along the bulwarks.[119]
King William Island excavations (1981–1982)
In June 1981, Owen Beattie, a professor of anthropology at the University of Alberta, began the 1845–1848 Franklin Expedition Forensic Anthropology Project (FEFAP) when he and his team of researchers and field assistants travelled from Edmonton to King William Island, traversing the island's western coast as Franklin's men did 132 years before. FEFAP hoped to find artefacts and skeletal remains in order to use modern forensics to establish identities and causes of death among the lost 129 crewmembers.
Although the trek found archaeological artefacts related to 19th-century Europeans and undisturbed disarticulated human remains, Beattie was disappointed that more remains were not found. Examining the bones of Franklin crewmen, he noted areas of pitting and scaling often found in cases of vitamin C deficiency, the cause of scurvy. After returning to Edmonton, he compared notes from the survey with James Savelle, an Arctic archaeologist, and noticed skeletal patterns suggesting cannibalism. Seeking information about the Franklin crew's health and diet, he sent bone samples to the Alberta Soil and Feed Testing Laboratory for trace element analysis and assembled another team to visit King William Island. The analysis would find an unexpected level of 226 parts per million (ppm) of lead in the crewman's bones, which was ten times higher than the control samples, taken from Inuit skeletons from the same geographic area, of 26–36 ppm.
In June 1982, a team made up of Beattie and three students (Walt Kowall, a graduate student in anthropology at the University of Alberta; Arne Carlson, an archaeology and geography student from Simon Fraser University in British Columbia; and Arsien Tungilik, an Inuk student and field assistant) was flown to the west coast of King William Island where they retraced some of the steps of McClintock in 1859 and Schwatka in 1878–79. Discoveries during this expedition included the remains of between 6 and 14 men in the vicinity of McClintock's "boat place" and artefacts including a complete boot sole fitted with makeshift cleats for better traction.
Wreck searches (1997–2013)
In 1997, a "Franklin 150" expedition was mounted by the Canadian film company Eco-Nova to use sonar to investigate more of the priority magnetic targets found in 1992. The senior archaeologist was Robert Grenier, assisted by Margaret Bertulli, and Woodman again acted as expedition historian and search coordinator. Operations were conducted from the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker Laurier. Approximately 40 km2 (15 sq mi) were surveyed, without result, near Kirkwall Island. When detached parties found Franklin relics – primarily copper sheeting and small items – on the beaches of islets to the north of O'Reilly Island the search was diverted to that area, but poor weather prevented significant survey work before the expedition ended. A documentary, Oceans of Mystery: Search for the Lost Fleet, was produced by Eco-Nova about this expedition.[99]
Three expeditions were mounted by Woodman to continue the magnetometer mapping of the proposed wreck sites: a privately sponsored expedition in 2001, and the Irish-Canadian Franklin Search Expeditions of 2002 and 2004. These made use of sled-drawn magnetometers working on the sea ice and completed the unfinished survey of the northern (Kirkwall Island) search area in 2001, and the entire southern O'Reilly Island area in 2002 and 2004. All of the high-priority magnetic targets were identified by sonar through the ice as geological in origin. In 2002 and 2004, small Franklin artefacts and characteristic explorer tent sites were found on a small islet northeast of O'Reilly Island during shore searches.[100]
In August 2008 a new search by Parks Canada was announced, to be led by Grenier. This search hoped to take advantage of the improved ice conditions, using side-scan sonar from a boat in open water. Grenier also hoped to draw from newly published Inuit testimony collected by oral historian Dorothy Harley Eber.[101] Some of Eber's informants placed the location of one of Franklin's ships in the vicinity of the Royal Geographical Society Island, an area not searched by previous expeditions. The search was to also include local Inuit historian Louie Kamookak, who had found other significant remains of the expedition and would represent the indigenous culture.[102]
HMS Investigator became icebound in 1853 while searching for Franklin's expedition and was subsequently abandoned. It was found in shallow water in Mercy Bay on 25 July 2010, along the northern coast of Banks Island in Canada's western Arctic. The Parks Canada team reported that it was in good shape, upright in about 11 m (36 ft) of water.[103]
A new search was announced by Parks Canada in August 2013.[104]
